Ubuntu 20.04 编译部署 Nginx 1.18.0 手册

2026-07-13 · devops · 6 次阅读

适用系统：Ubuntu 20.04 LTS（x86_64）

1. 环境准备

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -y

确认系统版本：

lsb_release -a
uname -m

2. 安装编译依赖

Nginx 源码编译所需依赖（含 SSL、PCRE、zlib）：

sudo apt install -y \
  build-essential \
  libpcre3 \
  libpcre3-dev \
  zlib1g \
  zlib1g-dev \
  libssl-dev \
  libgd-dev \
  libxml2 \
  libxml2-dev \
  libxslt1-dev \
  libgeoip-dev \
  wget \
  tar \
  curl

验证依赖是否安装成功：

dpkg -l | grep -E 'build-essential|libpcre3-dev|zlib1g-dev|libssl-dev'
gcc --version

3. 下载 Nginx 1.18.0 源码

官方下载地址：

文件	地址
源码包	https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
备用 HTTP	http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
PGP 签名	https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz.asc

export NGINX_VERSION=1.18.0
export NGINX_TAR=nginx-${NGINX_VERSION}.tar.gz
export NGINX_URL=https://nginx.org/download/${NGINX_TAR}

cd /usr/local/src
sudo wget -c ${NGINX_URL} -O ${NGINX_TAR}

可选：校验 SHA256（官方发布页可查）：

# 官方 SHA256 可在 https://nginx.org/en/download.html 对应版本处查看
sha256sum ${NGINX_TAR}

解压：

sudo tar -zxvf ${NGINX_TAR}
cd nginx-${NGINX_VERSION}

4. 编译安装

4.1 创建运行用户

sudo groupadd -r nginx 2>/dev/null || true
sudo useradd -r -g nginx -s /sbin/nologin -d /var/cache/nginx nginx 2>/dev/null || true

4.2 配置编译参数

sudo ./configure \
  --prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
  --sbin-path=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx \
  --conf-path=/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf \
  --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log \
  --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log \
  --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid \
  --lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock \
  --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp \
  --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp \
  --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp \
  --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp \
  --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp \
  --user=nginx \
  --group=nginx \
  --with-http_ssl_module \
  --with-http_v2_module \
  --with-http_realip_module \
  --with-http_gzip_static_module \
  --with-http_stub_status_module \
  --with-file-aio \
  --with-threads \
  --with-stream \
  --with-stream_ssl_module

若 ./configure 报错缺少某库，按提示补装对应 -dev 包后重新执行。

4.3 编译并安装

sudo make -j$(nproc)
sudo make install

5. 创建目录与 systemd 服务

sudo mkdir -p /var/log/nginx /var/cache/nginx
sudo chown -R nginx:nginx /var/log/nginx /var/cache/nginx

创建 systemd 单元：

sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service > /dev/null <<'EOF'
[Unit]
Description=Nginx HTTP Server
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target

[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/var/run/nginx.pid
ExecStartPre=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
ExecStop=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s quit
PrivateTmp=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx

添加命令到 PATH（可选）：

echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH' | sudo tee /etc/profile.d/nginx.sh
source /etc/profile.d/nginx.sh

6. 验证

6.1 版本与配置

/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -v
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t

预期输出示例：

nginx version: nginx/1.18.0
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

6.2 服务状态

sudo systemctl status nginx
ss -lntp | grep nginx

6.3 HTTP 访问测试

默认监听 80 端口，本机访问：

curl -I http://127.0.0.1

预期包含：

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0

浏览器访问：http://<服务器IP>/，应看到 Nginx 默认欢迎页。

6.4 开机自启验证

sudo systemctl is-enabled nginx

预期输出：enabled

7. 常用运维命令

# 重载配置（不中断服务）
sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

# 停止 / 启动
sudo systemctl stop nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx

# 查看错误日志
sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log

# 查看访问日志
sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log

8. 卸载（如需）

sudo systemctl stop nginx
sudo systemctl disable nginx
sudo rm -f /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo rm -rf /usr/local/nginx
sudo rm -rf /var/log/nginx /var/cache/nginx

9. 常见问题

问题	处理
80 端口被占用	`sudo ss -lntp \| grep :80`，停止冲突服务或修改 `nginx.conf` 监听端口
`configure: error: SSL modules require the OpenSSL library`	`sudo apt install -y libssl-dev`
`configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library`	`sudo apt install -y libpcre3 libpcre3-dev`
启动报权限错误	检查 `/var/log/nginx`、`/var/cache/nginx` 目录属主是否为 `nginx`

igozhang